Lexical specifications : application to Italian

MULTEXTLexical specifications : application to Italian
Document MULTEXT-LEX 1. Title page. Version 0.3. Last modified 12 december 1996.

Lexical specifications : application to Italian

Nicoletta Calzolari and Monica Monachini - PISA-ILC

In this section the MULTEXT set of lexicon specifications is applied to Italian (Calzolari and Monachini 1994). The language-specific values added for Italian are highligthed with the code 'l-spec'.

Furthermore, a tagset for Italian is proposed. This is based on the tagset used by our tagger, but also takes into account the criteria expressed above for the construction of the tagset, and the results of a first cycle of experimentations on the MULTEXT tagger.

A table containing the the translation of the tag into the regular expression and its definition is presented, i.e.

TAG            Reg.expr.            Definition
NMS            Ncms-                Common noun, masc.sing.

A table displaying the mapping between lexicon specifications and corpus tags is provided, along with an examplification.

1. Nouns (N)
2. Verbs (V)
3. Adjectives (A)
4. Pronouns (P)
5. Determiners (Pronominal Adjectives) (D)
6. Articles (T)
7. Adverbs (R)
8. Adpositions (S)
9. Conjunctions (C)
10. Numerals (M)
11. Interjection (I)
- 11.1. Corpus
- 11.2. Combinations
12. Unique Membership Class (U)
13. Residual (U)
14. Punctuation

1. Italian Nouns (N)

1.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type           common     libro        c
               proper     Gianni       p
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Gender         masculine  uomo         m
               feminine   donna        f
l-spec         common     insegnante   c
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Number         singular   uomini       s
               plural     donne        p
l-spec         invariant  attivitá     n
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Case           (n.a.)     (n.a.)       -
============ =========== =========== =====s

1.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
NMS	Ncms-	Common noun, masc. sing.
NMP	Ncmp-	Common noun, masc. plur.
NMN	Ncmn-	Common noun, masc. invar.
NFS	Ncfs-	Common noun, fem. sing.
NFP	Ncfp-	Common noun, fem. plur.
NFN	Ncfn-	Common noun, fem. invar.
NNS	Nccs-	Common noun, comm. sing.
NNP	Nccp-	Common noun, comm. plur.
NNN	Nccn-	Common noun, comm. invar.
NP	Np..-	Proper noun

1.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
Ncms-	NMS	libro
Ncmp-	NMP	libri
Ncmn-	NMN	re, caffé (il/i)
Ncfs-	NFS	casa
Ncfp-	NFP	case
Ncfn-	NFN	attivitá (la/le)
Nccs-	NNS	insegnante (un/una)
Nccp-	NNP	insegnanti (gli/le)
Nccn-	NNN	sosia (il/la, i/le)
Np..-	NP	Mario, Maria, Borboni

1.4. Observations

The idea of the French group to tag Proper Nouns simply with NP (collapsing the information on gender and number) seems the best solution.

Compare with :

2. Italian Verbs (V)

2.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type          main         amare       m
              auxiliary    avere       a
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Mood/VForm    indicative   amo         i
              subjunctive  ami         s
              imperative   ama         m
              conditional  amerei      c
              infinitive   amare       n
              participle   amato       p
              gerund       amando      g
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Tense         present      amo         p
              imperfect    amavo       i
              future       ameró       f
              past         amai        s
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Person        first        amo         1
              second       ami         2
              third        ama         3
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Number        singular     amo         s
              plural       amiamo      p
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
rGender       masculine    amato       m
              feminine     amata       f
l-spec        common       amante      c
============ =========== =========== =====

2.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
VAS1IP	Vaip1s-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., pres.indic.
VAS2IP	Vaip2s-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.indic.
VAS3IP	Vaip3s-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., pres.indic.
VAP2IP	Vaip2p-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.indic.
VAP3IP	Vaip3p-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.indic.
VAP1ICP	Va[is]p1p-	Aux. Verb, 1stpers.plur.,pres.indic/cong
VAY2IP	Vaip(1s\|3p)-	Aux. Verb, 1st sing./3rd plur., pres.indic
VAS1II	Vaii1s-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., impf.indic.
VAS2II	Vaii2s-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., impf.indic.
VAS3II	Vaii3s-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., impf.indic.
VAP1II	Vaii1p-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., impf.indic.
VAP2II	Vaii2p-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., impf.indic.
VAP3II	Vaii3p-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., impf.indic.
VAS1IF	Vaif1s-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., fut. indic.
VAS2IF	Vaif2s-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., fut. indic.
VAS3IF	Vaif3s-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., fut. indic.
VAP1IF	Vaif1p-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., fut. indic.
VAP2IF	Vaif2p-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., fut. indic.
VAP3IF	Vaif3p-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., fut. indic.
VAS1IR	Vais1s-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., past indic.
VAS2IR	Vais2s-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., past indic.
VAS3IR	Vais3s-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., past indic.
VAP1IR	Vais1p-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., past indic.
VAP3IR	Vais3p-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., past indic.
VAP2ICR	Va(is)\|(si)2p-	Aux. Verb, 2nd p.pl., past indic./pres.cong
VASXCP	Vacp.s-	Aux. Verb, 1/2/3 p. sing., pres.subj.
VAP2CMP	Va[sm]p2p-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.subj./imper.
VAP3CP	Vasp3p-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.subj.
VAS3CI	Vasi3s-	Aux. Verb, 1/2 pers.sing., impf.subj.
VAS3CI	Vasi3s-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., impf.subj.
VAP1CI	Vasi1p-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., impf.subj.
VAP3CI	Vasi3p-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., impf.subj.
VAS2MP	Vamp2s-	ux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.impr.
VAS2MPE	Vamp2s-y	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.impr. + clit.
VAP2MPE	Vamp2p-y	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.impr. + clit.
VAS1DP	Vacp1s-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.sing., pres.cond.
VAS2DP	Vacp2s-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.cond.
VAS3DP	Vacp3s-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.sing., pres.cond.
VAP1DP	Vacp1p-	Aux. Verb, 1st pers.plur., pres.cond.
VAP2DP	Vacp2p-	Aux. Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.cond.
VAP3DP	Vacp3p-	Aux. Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.cond.
VAF	Vanp---	Aux. Verb, infinitive
VAFE	Vanp--cy	Aux. Verb, infinitive + clitic
VANSPP	Vapp-sc	Aux. Verb, comm.sing., pres.part.
VANPPP	Vapp-pc	Aux. Verb, comm.plur., pres.part.
VAMSPR	Vaps-sm	Aux. Verb, masc.sing., past part.
VAMPPR	Vaps-pm	Aux. Verb, masc.plur., past part.
VAFSPR	Vaps-sf	Aux. Verb, femm.sing., past part.
VAFPPR	Vaps-pf	Aux. Verb, femm.plur., past part.
VAMSPRE	Vaps-smy	Aux. Verb, masc.sing., past part. + clitic
VAMPPRE	Vaps-pmy	Aux. Verb, masc.plur., past part. + clitic
VAFSPRE	Vaps-sfy	Aux. Verb, femm.sing., past part. + clitic
VAFPPRE	Vaps-pfy	Aux. Verb, femm.plur., past part. + clitic
VAG	Vagp---	Aux. Verb, gerund
VAGE	Vagp---y	Aux. Verb, gerund + clitic
VS1IP	Vmip1s-	Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., pres.indic
VS3IP	Vmip3s-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., pres.indic
VP3IP	Vmip3p-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.indic
VP1ICP	Vm[is]p1p	Main Verb,1stpers.plur.,pres.indic/cong
VP2IMPP	Vm([im]p2p-)\|(ps-pf)	M.V., 2nd pl., pres.indic/imper\|pstprt f.pl.
VP2IMP	Vm([im]p2p)-	Main Verb, 2nd pl., pres.indic/imper
VSXICP	Vm(sp.s)\|(ip2s)-	M.V., 1/2/3 sg.,pres.subj.\|2ndsg. pres.indic.
VS1IMP	Vm[im]1s-	Main Verb, not 1stsg.,pres.indic./imper.
VS2IMP	Vm[im]p2s-	Main Verb, 2nd sg., pres.indic/imper
VP2IMCPP	Vm([ims]p2p-)\|(ps-pf)	M.V., 2pl., pr.ind/imp/sub\|pst.prt f.pl.
VS1II	Vmii1s-	Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., impf.indic.
VS2II	Vmii2s-	Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., impf.indic.
VS3II	Vmii3s-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., impf.indic.
VP1II	Vmii1p-	Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., impf.indic.
VP2II	Vmii2p-	Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., impf.indic.
VP3II	Vmii3p-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., impf.indic.
VS1IF	Vmif1s-	Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., fut. indic.
VS2IF	Vmif2s-	Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., fut. indic.
VS3IF	Vmif3s-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., fut. indic.
VP1IF	Vmif1p-	Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., fut. indic.
VP2IF	Vmif2p-	Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., fut. indic.
VP3IF	Vmif3p-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., fut. indic.
VS1IR	Vmis1s-	Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., past indic.
VS2IR	Vmis2s-	Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., past indic.
VS3IR	Vmis3s-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., past indic.
VP1IR	Vmis1p-	Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., past indic.
VP3IR	Vmis3p-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., past indic.
VP2ICR	Vm(is)\|(si)2p-	Main Verb, 2nd p.pl., past indic./pres.subj.
VP2CP	Vmsp2p-	Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.subj. amiate
VP3CP	Vmsp3p-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.subj. amino
VSXCP	Vmcp.s-	Main Verb, 1/2/3 p. sing., pres.subj.
VS3CI	Vmsi3s-	Main Verb, 1/2 pers.sing., impf.subj.
VS3CI	Vmsi3s-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., impf.subj.
VP1CI	Vmsi1p-	Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., impf.subj.
VP3CI	Vmsi3p-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., impf.subj.
VS2MPE	Vmmp2s-y	Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.impr. + clit.
VP2MPE	Vmmp2p-y	Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.impr. + clit.
VS1DP	Vmcp1s-	Main Verb, 1st pers.sing., pres.cond.
VS2DP	Vmcp2s-	Main Verb, 2nd pers.sing., pres.cond.
VS3DP	Vmcp3s-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.sing., pres.cond.
VP1DP	Vmcp1p-	Main Verb, 1st pers.plur., pres.cond.
VP2DP	Vmcp2p-	Main Verb, 2nd pers.plur., pres.cond.
VP3DP	Vmcp3p-	Main Verb, 3rd pers.plur., pres.cond.
VF	Vmnp---	Main Verb, infinitive
VFE	Vmnp---y	Main Verb, infinitive + clitic
VNSPP	Vmpp-sc	Main Verb, comm.sing., pres.part.
VNPPP	Vmpp-pc	Main Verb, comm.plur., pres.part.
VMSPR	Vmps-sm	Main Verb, masc.sing., past part.
VMPPR	Vmps-pm	Main Verb, masc.plur., past part.
VFSPR	Vmps-sf	Main Verb, femm.sing., past part.
VFPPR	Vmps-pf	Main Verb, femm.plur., past part.
VMSPRE	Vmps-smy	Main Verb, masc.sing., past part. +c
VMPPRE	Vmps-pmy	Main Verb, masc.plur., past part. +c
VFSPRE	Vmps-sfy	Main Verb, femm.sing., past part. +c
VFPPRE	Vmps-pfy	Main Verb, femm.plur., past part. +c
VG	Vmgp---	Main Verb, gerund
VGE	Vmgp---y	Main Verb, gerund + clitic
VA1P	Va[iscm][pifs]1p--	Aux. verb, 1st person plur.
VA1S	Va[iscm][pifs]1s--	Aux. verb, 1st person sing.
VA2P	Va[iscm][pifs]2p--	Aux. verb, 2nd person plur.
VA2S	Va[iscm][pifs]2s--	Aux. verb, 2nd person sing.
VA3P	Va[iscm][pifs]3p--	Aux. verb, 3rd person plur.
VA3S	Va[iscm][pifs]3s--	Aux. verb, 3rd person sing.
VAFPPS	Vaps-pf-	Aux. verb, fem. plur., past part.
VAFSPS	Vaps-sf-	Aux. verb, fem. sing., past part.
VAMPPS	Vaps-pm-	Aux. verb, masc. plur., past part.
VAMSPS	Vaps-sm-	Aux. verb, masc. sing., past part.
VAN	Vanp----	Aux. verb, infinitive
VAFE	Vanp----	Aux. Verb, infinitive + enclitic
VAG	Vagp----	Aux. Verb, gerund
VAGE	Vagp----	Aux. Verb, gerund + enclitic
VAPP	Vapp-..-	Aux. verb, pres. participle
V1P	Vm[iscm][pifs]1p--	Main Verb, 1st person plur.
V1S	Vm[iscm][pifs]1s--	Main Verb, 1st person sing.
V2P	Vm[iscm][pifs]2p--	Main Verb, 2nd person plur.
V2S	Vm[iscm][pifs]2s--	Main Verb, 2nd person sing.
V3P	Vm[iscm][pifs]3p--	Main Verb, 3rd person plur.
V3S	Vm[iscm][pifs]3s--	Main Verb, 3rd person sing.
VFPPS	Vmps-pf-	Main Verb, fem. plur., past part.
VFSPS	Vmps-sf-	Main Verb, fem. sing., past part.
VMPPS	Vmps-pm-	Main Verb, masc. plur., past part.
VMSPS	Vmps-sm-	Main Verb, masc. plur., past part.
VF	Vmnp----	Main Verb, infinitive
VFE	Vmnp----y	Main Verb, infinitive + enclitic
VG	Vmgp----	Main Verb, gerund
VGE	Vmgp----y	Main Verb, gerund + enclitic
VPP	Vmpp-..-	Main Verb, pres. participle

2.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
Vaip1s-	VAS1IP	ho
Vaip2s-	VAS2IP	hai, sei
Vaip3s-	VAS3IP	ha, e'
Vaip2p-	VAP2IP	avete, siete
Vaip3p-	VAP3IP	hanno
Vaip1p-	VAP1ICP	abbiamo, siamo
Vaip1s-	VAY2IP	sono
Vaip3p-	VAY2IP	sono
Vaii1s-	VAS1II	avevo, ero
Vaii2s-	VAS2II	avevi, eri
Vaii3s-	VAS3II	aveva, era
Vaii1p-	VAP1II	avevamo, eravamo
Vaii2p-	VAP2II	avevate, eravate
Vaii3p-	VAP3II	avevano, erano
Vaif1s-	VAS1IF	avro', saro'
Vaif2s-	VAS2IF	avrai, sarai
Vaif3s-	VAS3IF	avra', sara'
Vaif1p-	VAP1IF	avremo, saremo
Vaif2p-	VAP2IF	avrete, sarete
Vaif3p-	VAP3IF	avranno, saranno
Vais1s-	VAS1IR	ebbi, fui
Vais2s-	VAS2IR	avesti, fosti
Vais3s-	VAS3IR	ebbe, fu
Vais1p-	VAP1IR	avemmo, fummo
Vais3p-	VAP3IR	ebbero, furono
Vais2s-	VAP2ICR	aveste, foste
Vasp1s-	VASXCP	abbia, sia
Vasp2s-	VASXCP	abbia, sia
Vasp3s-	VASXCP	abbia, sia
Vasp1p-	VAP1ICP	abbiamo, siamo
Vasp2p-	VAP2CMP	abbiate, siate
Vasp3p-	VAP3CP	abbiano, siano
Vasi1s-	VAS3CI	avessi, fossi
Vasi2s-	VAS3CI	avessi, fossi
Vasi3s-	VAS3CI	avesse, fosse
Vasi1p-	VAP1CI	avessimo, fossimo
Vasi2s-	VAP2ICR	aveste, foste
Vasi3p-	VAP3CI	avessero, fossero
Vamp2s-	VAS2MP	abbi, sii
Vamp2s-y	VAS2MPE	abbilo, siilo
Vamp2p-	VAP2CMP	abbiate, siate
Vamp2p-y	VAP2MPE	abbiatelo, siatelo
Vacp1s-	VAS1DP	avrei, sarei
Vacp2s-	VAS2DP	avresti, saresti
Vacp3s-	VAS3DP	avrebbe, sarebbe
Vacp1p-	VAP1DP	avremmo, saremmo
Vacp2p-	VAP2DP	avreste, sareste
Vacp3p-	VAP3DP	avrebbero, sarebbero
Vanp---	VAF	avere, essere
Vanp--cy	VAFE	averlo, esserlo
Vapp-sc	VANSPP	avente, essente
Vapp-pc	VANPPP	aventi, essenti
Vaps-sm	VAMSPR	avuto, stato
Vaps-pm	VAMPPR	avuti, stati
Vaps-sf	VAFSPR	avuta, stata
Vaps-pf	VAFPPR	avute, state
Vaps-smy	VAMSPRE	avutolo
Vaps-pmy	VAMPPRE	avutili
Vaps-sfy	VAFSPRE	avutala
Vaps-pfy	VAFPPRE	avuteli
Vagp---	VAG	avendo, essendo
Vagp---y	VAGE	avendolo, essendolo
Vmip1s-	VS1IP	amo, leggo, servo
Vmip2s-	VSXICP	ami
Vmip2s-	VS2IMP	leggi, servi
Vmip3s-	VS1IMP	ama
Vmip3s-	VS3IP	legge, serve
Vmip1p-	VP1ICP	amiamo, leggiamo, serviamo
Vmip2p-	VP2IMPP	amate, servite
Vmip2p-	VP2IMP	leggete
Vmip2p	VP2IMCPP	premiate
Vmip3p-	VP3IP	amano, leggono, servono
Vmii1s-	VS1II	amavo,
Vmii2s-	VS2II	amavi,
Vmii3s-	VS3II	amava
Vmii1p-	VP1II	amavano
Vmii2p-	VP2II	amavate
Vmii3p-	VP3II	amavano
Vmif1s-	VS1IF	amero'
Vmif2s-	VS2IF	amerai
Vmif3s-	VS3IF	amera'
Vmif1p-	VP1IF	ameremo
Vmif2p-	VP2IF	amerete
Vmif3p-	VP3IF	ameranno
Vmis1s-	VS1IR	amai
Vmis2s-	VS2IR	amasti
Vmis3s-	VS3IR	amo'
Vmis1p-	VP1IR	amammo
Vmis2p-	VP2ICR	amaste, leggeste, serviste
Vmis3p-	VP3IR	amarono
Vmsp1s-	VSXCP	legga
Vmsp1s-	VSXICP	ami
Vmsp2s-	VSXCP	legga
Vmsp2s-	VSXICP	ami
Vmsp3s-	VSXCP	legga
Vmsp3s-	VSXICP	ami
Vmsp1p-	VP1ICP	amiamo, leggiamo, serviamo
Vmsp2p-	VP2CP	amiate, leggiate, serviate
Vmsp2p-	VP2ICMPP	premiate
Vmsp3p-	VP3CP	amino, leggano, servano
Vmsi1s-	VS3CI	amassi, leggessi, servissi
Vmsi2s-	VS3CI	amassi, leggessi, servissi
Vmsi3s-	VS3CI	amasse, leggesse, servisse
Vmsi1p-	VP1CI	amassimo
Vmsi2p-	VP2ICR	amaste, leggeste, serviste
Vmsi3p-	VP3CI	amassero
Vmmp2s-	VS1IMP	ama
Vmmp2s-	VS2IMP	leggi, servi
Vmmp2p-	VP2IMPP	amate
Vmmp2p-	VP2IMP	leggete, servite
Vmmp2p-	VP2IMCPP	premiate
Vmmp2s-y	VS2MPe	amalo, leggilo, servilo
Vmmp2p-y	VP2MPe	amatelo, leggetelo, servitelo
Vmcp1s-	VS1DP	amerei
Vmcp2s-	VS2DP	ameresti
Vmcp3s-	VS3DP	amarebbe
Vmcp1p-	VP1DP	ameremmo
Vmcp2p-	VP2DP	amereste
Vmcp3p-	VP3DP	amerebero
Vmnp---	VF	amare
Vmnp---y	VFE	amarlo
Vmpp-sc	VNSPP	amante
Vmpp-pc	VNPPP	amanti
Vmps-sm	VMSPR	amato, letto, servito
Vmps-pm	VMPPR	amati, letti, serviti
Vmps-sf	VFSPR	amata, letta, servita
Vmps-pf	VP2IMCPP	premiate
Vmps-pf	VP2IMPP	amate, servite
Vmps-pf	VFPPR	lette
Vmps-smy	VMSPRE	amatolo
Vmps-pmy	VMPPRE	amatili
Vmps-sfy	VFSPRE	amatala
Vmps-pfy	VFPPRE	amatele
Vmgp---	VG	amando
Vmgp---y	VGE	amandolo
Vaip1s-	VA1S	ho
Vaip2s-	VA2S	hai
Vaip3s-	VA3S	ha
Vaip1p-	VA1P	abbiamo
Vaip2p-	VA2P	avete
Vaip3p-	VA3P	hanno
Vaii1s-	VA1S	avevo
Vaii2s-	VA2S	avevi
Vaii3s-	VA3S	aveva
Vaii1p-	VA1P	avevamo
Vaii2p-	VA2P	avevate
Vaii3p-	VA3P	avevano
Vaif1s-	VA1S	avro'
Vaif2s-	VA2S	avrai
Vaif3s-	VA3S	avra'
Vaif1p-	VA1P	avremo
Vaif2p-	VA2P	avrete
Vaif3p-	VA3P	avranno
Vais1s-	VA1S	ebbi
Vais2s-	VA2S	avesti
Vais3s-	VA3S	ebbe
Vais1p-	VA1P	avemmo
Vais2p-	VA2P	aveste
Vais3p-	VA3P	ebbero
Vasp1s-	VA1S	abbia
Vasp2s-	VA2S	abbia
Vasp3s-	VA3S	abbia
Vasp1p-	VA1P	abbiamo
Vasp2p-	VA2P	abbiate
Vasp3p-	VA3P	abbiano
Vasi1s-	VA1S	avessi
Vasi2s-	VA2S	avessi
Vasi3s-	VA3S	avesse
Vasi1p-	VA1P	avessimo
Vasi2p-	VA2P	aveste
Vasi3p-	VA3P	avessero
Vamp2s-	VA2S	abbi
Vamp2p-	VA2P	abbiate
Vacp1s-	VA1S	avrei
Vacp2s-	VA2S	avresti
Vacp3s-	VA3S	avrebbe
Vacp1p-	VA1P	avremmo
Vacp2p-	VA2P	avreste
Vacp3p-	VA3P	avrebbero
Vanp---	VAF	avere
Vanp---y	VAFE	averlo
Va-cspp	VANSPP	avente
Va-cppp	VANPPP	aventi
Va-msps	VAMSPR	avuto
Va-mpps	VAMPPR	avuti
Va-fsps	VAFSPR	avuta
Va-fpps	VAFPPR	avute
Va-gp--	VAG	avendo
Va-gp--y	VAGE	avendolo
Vmip1s-	V1S	amo
Vmip2s-	V2S	ami
Vmip3s-	V3S	ama
Vmip1p-	V1P	amiamo
Vmip2p-	V2P	amate
Vmip3p-	V3P	amano
Vmii1s-	V1S	amavo
Vmii2s-	V2S	amavi
Vmii3s-	V3S	amava
Vmii1p-	V1P	amavamo
Vmii2p-	V2P	amavate
Vmii3p-	V3P	amavano
Vmif1s-	V1S	amero'
Vmif2s-	V2S	amerai
Vmif3s-	V3S	amera'
Vmif1p-	V1P	ameremo
Vmif2p-	V2P	amerete
Vmif3p-	V3P	ameranno
Vmis1s-	V1S	amai
Vmis2s-	V2S	amasti
Vmis3s-	V3S	amo'
Vmis1p-	V1P	amammo
Vmis2p-	V2P	amaste
Vmis3p-	V3P	amarono
Vmsp1s-	V1S	ami
Vmsp2s-	V2S	ami
Vmsp3s-	V3S	ami
Vmsp1p-	V1P	amiamo
Vmsp2p-	V2P	amiate
Vmsp3p-	V3P	amino
Vmsi1s-	V1S	amassi
Vmsi2s-	V2S	amassi
Vmsi3s-	V3S	amasse
Vmsi1p-	V1P	amassimo
Vmsi2p-	V2P	amaste
Vmsi3p-	V3P	amassero
Vmmp2s-	V2S	ama
Vmmp2p-	V2P	amate
Vmcp1s-	V1S	amerei
Vmcp2s-	V2S	ameresti
Vmcp3s-	V3S	amerebbe
Vmcp1p-	V1P	ameremmo
Vmcp2p-	V2P	amereste
Vmcp3p-	V3P	amerebbero
Vmnp---	VF	amare
Vmnp---y	VFE	amarlo
Vm-cspp	VNSPP	amante
Vm-cppp	VNPPP	amanti
Vm-msps	VMSPR	amato
Vm-mpps	VMPPR	amati
Vm-fsps	VFSPR	amata
Vm-fpps	VFPPR	amate
Vm-gp--	VG	amando
Vm-gp--y	VGE	amandolo

2.4. Observations

An observation concerns the special marking for the auxiliaries: the taggers are in general not able to disambiguate the cases in which the auxiliaries are used as full verbs ("io ho un cane" , "i bambini sono nel prato") from the cases when they are auxiliaries. The distinction of the auxiliaries is used only in order to isolate 'avere' and 'essere' from the other verbs.

For verbs, two different sets of tags are proposed, the first more fine-grained for more accurate distinctions and the latter more coarse-grained, which follows the approach proposed by the French group.

The collapsing proposed by the French group of Moods and Tenses, if considered wrt to the performances of our tagger, appears restrictive: for many unambiguous tenses and moods, the Italian tagger is able to formulate the correct analysis (e.g. conditional, subjunctive imperfect, indicative past etc.) and these distinctions are, in our opinion, worth being maintained. It has to be noticed that the ambiguities between verb forms depend also on different lexical verbs.

In Italian, the major ambiguities concerns the 2nd sing and plur of the present indicative and imperative, ama-amate; leggi-leggete. However, this is again not a general rule.

Another very common ambiguity is between the 2nd pers. of the indicative and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person of the present subjunctive. Therefore not always it is possible to decide unambiguosly on the person.

Some more frequent typical homographies in Italian are listed below:

                VP1ICP                amiamo
                VP2IMP                leggete
                VP2IMPP               amate
                VP2IMCPP              premiate
                VP2ICR                amaste
                VS3CI                 amassi
                VSXCP                 legga
                VAY2IP                sono
                VSXICP                ami
                VS2IMP                leggi
                VS1IMP                ama
                VS1IMP                ama

In the design of corpus tagsets for verbs careful attention should be given to the enclitic phenomenon: at present our tagger is able to recognize the presence of the clitics which is signalled by the addition of the mark "+E" (plus clitic) to the regular verb tag.

Compare with :

3. Italian Adjectives (A)

3.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type             -           -         -
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Degree       positive	 buono        p
             comparative  migliore     c
             superlative  buonissimo   s
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Gender       masculine    buono        m
             feminine     buona        f
l-spec       common       dolce        c
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Number       singular     buono        s
             plural       buoni        p
l-spec       invariant	 pari         n
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Case         (n.a.)       (n.a.)       -
============ =========== =========== =====

3.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
AFP	A-.fp-	Adjective fem. plur.
AFS	A-.fs-	Adjective fem. sing.
AFN	A-.fn-	Adjective fem. invar.
AMP	A-.mp-	Adjective masc. plur.
AMS	A-.ms-	Adjective masc. sing.
AMN	A-.mn-	Adjective masc. invar.
AMP	A-.mp-	Adjective comm. plur.
AMS	A-.ms-	Adjective comm. sing.
AMN	A-.mn-	Adjective comm. invar.

3.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
A-pms-	AMS	vero
A-pmp-	AMP	veri
A-pmn-	AMN	oggetto (complemento/i oggetto: grammatical language)
A-pfs-	AFS	vera
A-pfp-	AFP	vere
A-pfn-	AFN	valore (clausola valore: juridical language)
A-pcs-	ANS	dolce (biscotto, torta)
A-pcp-	ANP	dolci (biscotti, dolci)
A-pcn-	ANN	pari (risultato/i, somma/e)
A-sms-	AMS	verissimo
A-smp-	AMP	verissimi
A-sfs-	AFS	verissima
A-sfp-	AFP	verissime

3.4. Observations

The comparative Degree applies only to a close set of adjectives (e.g. maggiore, migliore, etc). All other adjectives form their comparatives with "piu'" + adjective (e.g., piu' forte). Superlative is also an analytical form (il piu' forte), but can be also synthetically formed: grandissimo, massimo.

Compare with :

4. Italian Pronouns (P)

4.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type         personal      io          p
             demonstrat.   quello      d
             indefinite    chiunque    i
             possessive    mio         s
             interrog.     chi         t
             relative      che         r
             exclamative   quanto      e
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Person       first         io          1
             second        tu          2
             third         egli        3
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Gender       masculine     questo      m
             feminine      questa      f
l-spec       common        io          c
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Number       singular      questo      s
             plural        questi      p
l-spec       invariant     che         n
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Case         (n.a.)        (n.a.)      -
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Possessor        -           -         -
============ =========== =========== =====

4.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
PDMS	Pd-ms--	Demonstrative pronoun masc.sing.
PDMP	Pd-mp--	Demonstrative pronoun masc.plur.
PDFS	Pd-fs--	Demonstrative pronoun femm.sing.
PDFP	Pd-fp--	Demonstrative pronoun femm.plur.
PDNS	Pd-cs--	Demonstrative pronoun comm.sing.
PDNP	Pd-cp--	Demonstrative pronoun comm.plur.
PIMS	Pi-ms--	Indefinite pronoun masc.sing.
PIMP	Pi-mp--	Indefinite pronoun masc.plur.
PIFS	Pi-fs--	Indefinite pronoun femm.sing.
PIFP	Pi-fp--	Indefinite pronoun femm.plur.
PINS	Pi-cs--	Indefinite pronoun comm.sing.
PINP	Pi-cp--	Indefinite pronoun comm.plur.
PPMS	Ps.ms--	Possessive pronoun, masc.sing.
PPMP	Ps.mp--	Possessive pronoun, masc.plur.
PPFS	Ps.fs--	Possessive pronoun, femm.sing.
PPFP	Ps.fp--	Possessive pronoun, femm.plur.
PPNP	Ps.cp--	Possessive pronoun, comm.plur.
PWNS	P[tre]-cs--	Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, comm.sing.
PWNP	P[tre]-cp--	Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, comm.plur.
PWNN	P[tre]-cn--	Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, comm.plur.
PWMS	P[tre]-ms--	Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, masc.sing.
PWMP	P[tre]-mp--	Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, masc.plur.
PWFS	P[tre]-fs--	Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, femm.sing.
PWFP	P[tre]-fp--	Interr./Rel./Escl. pronoun, femm.plur.
PQNS1	Pp1cs--	Personal pronoun, 1st pers., comm.sing.
PQNS2	Pp2cs--	Personal pronoun, 2nd pers., comm.sing.
PQMS3	Pp3ms--	Personal pronoun, 3rd pers., masc.sing.
PQFS3	Pp3fs--	Personal pronoun, 3rd pers., femm.sing.
PQNN3	Pp3cn--	Personal pronoun, 3rd pers., comm.inv.
PQNP1	Pp1cp--	Personal pronoun, 1st pers., comm.plur.
PQNP2	Pp2cp--	Personal pronoun, 2nd pers., comm.plur.
PQNP3	Pp3cp--	Personal pronoun, 3rd pers., comm.plur.
PQMP3	Pp3mp--	Personal pronoun, 3rd pers., masc.plur.
PQFP3	Pp3fp--	Personal pronoun, 3rd pers., femm.plur.
PFP	P..fp---	Pronoun, fem. plur.
PFS	P..fs---	Pronoun, fem. plur.
PMP	P..mp---	Pronoun, masc. plur.
PMS	P..ms---	Pronoun, masc. sing.
PNS	P..cs---	Pronoun, comm. sing.
PNP	P..cp---	Pronoun, comm. plur.
PNN	P..cn---	Pronoun, comm. inv.

4.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
Pd-ms--	PDMS	quello, costui
Pd-mp--	PDMP	quelli
Pd-fs--	PDFS	quella
Pd-fp--	PDFP	quelle
Pd-cs--	PDNS	cio'
Pd-cp--	PDNP	coloro
Pi-ms--	PIMS	ognuno
Pi-mp--	PIMP	alcuni
Pi-fs--	PIFS	ognuna
Pi-fp--	PIFP	alcune
Pi-cs--	PINS	chiunque, tale
Pi-cp--	PINP	tali
Ps1ms--	PPMS	mio, nostro
Ps1mp--	PPMP	miei
Ps1fs--	PPFS	mia
Ps1fp--	PPFP	mie
Ps2ms--	PPMS	tuo, vostro
Ps2mp--	PPMP	tuoi
Ps2fs--	PPFS	tua
Ps2fp--	PPFP	tue
Ps3ms--	PPMS	suo
Ps3mp--	PPMP	suoi
Ps3fs--	PPFS	sua
Ps3fp--	PPFP	sue
Ps3cp--	PPNP	loro
Pt-cs--	PWNS	chi? quale?
Pt-cp--	PWNP	quali?
Pt-cn--	PWNN	che?
Pt-ms--	PWMS	quanto?
Pt-mp--	PWMP	quanti?
Pt-fs--	PWFS	quanta?
Pt-fp--	PWFP	quante?
Pr-cn--	PWNN	cui
Pr-ms--	PWMS	quanto
Pr-mp--	PWMP	quanti
Pr-fs--	PWFS	quanta
Pr-fp--	PWFP	quante
Pr-cs--	PWNS	chi, quale
Pr-cp--	PWNP	quali
Pe-ms--	PWMS	quanto!
Pe-mp--	PWMP	quanti!
Pe-fs--	PWFS	quanta!
Pe-fp--	PWFP	quante!
Pe-cs--	PWNS	quale!
Pe-cp--	PWNP	quali!
Pe-cn--	PWNN	che!
Pp1cs--	PQNS1	io, me, mi
Pp2cs--	PQNS2	tu, te, ti,
Pp3ms--	PQMS3	egli, lui, esso, gli, lo
Pp3fs--	PQFS3	ella, lei, essa, le, la
Pp3cn--	PQNN3	si
Pp1cp--	PQNP1	noi, ci
Pp2cp--	PQNP2	voi, vi
Pp3cp--	PQNP3	loro,
Pp3mp--	PQMP3	essi, li
P..fp---	PFP	mie, queste, quante etc.
P..fs---	PFS	mia, questa, quanta etc.
P..mp---	PMP	miei, questi, quanti etc.
P..ms---	PMS	mio, questo, quanto etc.
P..cs---	PNS	quale
P..cp---	PNP	quali
P..cn---	PNN	che, cui, altrui

4.3. Observations

For pronouns, the strategy of proposing two different tagsets, the one more collapsed and the other more fine-grained is followed.

As far as the pronominal paradigm is concerned, Case is not encoded at present in our DMI (Calzolari et al. 1983). Personal pronouns are not lemmatized: 'gli' is not considered the dative form of the base pronoun 'egli' (he), but constitutes a separate entry.

The Italian pronominal paradigm is the following:

'forme toniche' (strong forms): subj (io, egli), compl (me, lui)

        ama me / da' a me
       dir-obj / prep-obj
  (he loves me / he gives to me)

        ama lui / da' a lui
        dir-obj / prep-obj
 (she loves him / she gives to him)

'forme atone' (weak forms): compl (mi, gli/lo)

        mi da' / mi ama
       ind-obj / dir-obj
  (he gives me / he loves me)


       gli da'
       ind-obj
    (he gives him)

       lo ama
       dir-obj
    (she loves him)

This paradigm can be mapped on the Case system proposed by the French group, in the following way:

io, egli               = subj                          = nom
mi/me                  = dir-obj/ind-obj/prep-obj      = obj -] acc, dat, prep+obl
lui                    = dir-obj/prep-obj              = obj -] acc, prep+obl
gli                    = ind-obj                       = dat
lo                     = dir-obj                       = acc

Compare with :

5. Italian Determiners (Pronominal Adjectives) (D)

5.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type         demonstrat.   questo      d
             indefinite    ogni        i
             possessive    mio         s
             interrogat.   che         t
             exclamative   quanto      e    this value has been added
             relative      quanto      r    this value has been added
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Person       first         mio         1
             second        tuo         2
             third         suo         3
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Gender       masculine     questo      m
             feminine      questa      f
l-spec       common        ogni        c
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Number       singular      quello      s
             plural        quelli      p
l-spec       invariant     altrui      n
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Case         (n.a.)        (n.a.)      -
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Possessor      -              -        -
============ =========== =========== =====

5.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
DDNS	Dd-ns--	Demonstrative pron.adj. comm.inv.
DDNP	Dd-np--	Demonstrative pron.adj. comm.plur.
DDMS	Dd-ms--	Demonstrative pron.adj. masc.sing.
DDMP	Dd-mp--	Demonstrative pron.adj. masc.plur.
DDFS	Dd-fs--	Demonstrative pron.adj. femm.sing.
DDFP	Dd-fp--	Demonstrative pron.adj. femm.plur.
DIMS	Di-ms--	Indefinite pron.adj. masc.sing.
DIMP	Di-mp--	Indefinite pron.adj. masc.plur.
DIFS	Di-fs--	Indefinite pron.adj. femm.sing.
DIFP	Di-fp--	Indefinite pron.adj. femm.plur.
DINS	Di-cs--	Indefinite pron.adj. comm.sing.
DINP	Di-cp--	Indefinite pron.adj. comm.plur.
DPMS	Ds.ms--	Possessive pron.adj., masc.sing.
DPMP	Ds.mp--	Possessive pron.adj., masc.plur.
DPFS	Ds.fs--	Possessive pron.adj., femm.sing.
DPFP	Ds.fp--	Possessive pron.adj., femm.plur.
DPNN	Ds-cn--	Possessive pron.adj., comm.inv.
DWNN	D[tre]-cn--	Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., comm.inv.
DWMS	D[tre]-ms--	Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., masc.sing.
DWMP	D[tre]-mp--	Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., masc.plur.
DWFS	D[tre]-fs--	Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., femm.sing.
DWFP	D[tre]-fp--	Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., femm.plur.
DWNS	D[tre]-cs--	Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., comm.sing.
DWNP	D[tre]-cp--	Interr/Relat./escl. pron.adj., comm.plur.
DFP	D..fp---	Determiner, fem. plur.
DFS	D..fs---	Determiner, fem. plur.
DMP	D..mp---	Determiner, masc. plur.
DMS	D..ms---	Determiner, masc. sing.
DNS	D..cs---	Determiner, comm. sing.
DNP	D..cp---	Determiner, comm. plur.
DNN	D..cn---	Determiner, comm. inv.

5.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
Dd-cs--	DDNS	tale
Dd-cp--	DDNP	tali
Dd-ms--	DDMS	quello
Dd-mp--	DDMP	quelli
Dd-fs--	DDFS	quella
Dd-fp--	DDFP	quelle
Di-ms--	DIMS	nessun
Di-mp--	DIMP	alcuni
Di-fs--	DIFS	nessuna
Di-fp--	DIFP	alcune
Di-cs--	DINS	ogni
Di-cp--	DINP	quali
Ds1ms--	DPMS	mio, nostro
Ds1mp--	DPMP	miei
Ds1fs--	DPFS	mia
Ds1fp--	DPFP	mie
Ds2ms--	DPMS	tuo, vostro
Ds2mp--	DPMP	tuoi
Ds2fs--	DPFS	tua
Ds2fp--	DPFP	tue
Ds3ms--	DPMS	suo
Ds3mp--	DPMP	suoi
Ds3fs--	DPFS	sua
Ds3fp--	DPFP	sue
Ds-cn--	DPNN	altrui
Dr-cn--	DWNN	cui
Dr-ms--	DWMS	quanto
Dr-mp--	DWMP	quanti
Dr-fs--	DWFS	quante
Dr-fp--	DWFP	quanti
Dr-cs--	DWNS	quale
Dr-cp--	DWNP	quale
Dt-cn--	DWNN	che
Dt-ms--	DWMS	quanto
Dt-mp--	DWMP	quanti
Dt-fs--	DWFS	quante
Dt-fp--	DWFP	quanti
Dt-cs--	DWNS	quale
Dt-cp--	DWNP	quale
De-cn--	DWNN	che
De-cp--	DWNP	quali
De-cs--	DWNS	quale
De-ms--	DWMS	quanto
De-mp--	DWMP	quanti
De-fs--	DWFS	quanta
De-fp--	DWFP	quante
D..fp---	DFP	mie, queste, quante etc.
D..fs---	DFS	mia, questa, quanta etc.
D..mp---	DMP	miei, questi, quanti etc.
D..ms---	DMS	mio, questo, quanto etc.
D..cs---	DNS	quale
D..cp---	DNP	quali
D..cn---	DNN	altrui

Note On the basis of the strategy adopted for Pronouns, also for Determiners two tagsets are proposed.

Compare with :

6. Italian Articles (T)

6.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type          definite       il        d
              indefinite     un        i
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Gender        masculine      il        m
              feminine       la        f
l-spec        common         l'        c
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Number        singular       la        s
              plural         le        p
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Case          (n.a)        (n.a.)        -
============ =========== =========== =====

6.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
RMS	Tdms-	Article, definite, masc.sing.
RMP	Tdmp-	Article, definite, masc.plur.
RFS	Tdfs-	Article, definite, femm.sing.
RFP	Tdfp-	Article, definite, femm.plur.
RNS	Tdcs-	Article, definite, comm.sing.
RIMS	Tims-	Article, indefinite, masc.sing.
RIFS	Tifs-	Article, indefinite, femm.sing.

6.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
Tdms-	RMS	il, lo
Tdmp-	RMP	i, gli
Tdfs-	RFS	la
Tdfp-	RFP	le
Tdcs-	RNS	l' (amico/a)
Tims-	RIMS	un, uno
Tifs-	RIFS	una, un'

Compare with :

7. Italian Adverbs (R)

7.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type             -            -        -
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Degree       positive     bene         p
             superlative  benissimo    s
============ =========== =========== =====

7.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
B	R-p	Adverb positive
BS	R-s	Adverb superaltive

7.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
R-p	B	fortemente
R-s	BS	fortissimamente

Note

The feature Type is not encoded in the Italian lexicon.

Compare with :

8. Italian Adpositions (S)

8.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type         preposition  di, a, da    p
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Formation    simple       di           s
             compound     dello        c
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Gender       masculine    dello        m    This attribute and values have been added
             feminine     alla         f    
l-spec       common       dell'        c
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Number       singular     al           s    This attribute and values have been added
             plural       ai           p    
============ =========== =========== =====

8.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
E	Sp-	Preposition simple
EA	Spc..	Preposition compound

8.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
Sp	E	di
Spcfs	EA	della
Spcfp	EA	delle
Spcms	EA	del, dello
Spcmp	EA	dei, degli
Spccn	EA	dell'

Note

The Italian policy for encoding fused prepositions foresees to attach the morphological information of the article to the preposition tag.

Compare with :

9. Italian Conjunctions (C)

9.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type          coordinat.    e          c
              subordinat.   perche'    s
============ =========== =========== =====

9.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
CC	Cc	Coordinative conjunction
CS	Cs	Subordinative conjunction

9.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
Cc	CC	ma
Cs	CS	perche'

Compare with :

10. Italian Numerals (M)

10.1. Lexicon

============ =========== =========== =====
Attribute      Value       Example    Code
============ =========== =========== =====
Type          cardinal    cento        c
              ordinal     primo        o
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Gender        masculine   primo        m
              feminine    prima        f
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Number        singular    secondo      s
              plural      secondi      p
------------ ----------- ----------- -----
Case          (n.a.)       (n.a.)      -
============ =========== =========== =====

10.2. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
NMS	M.ms-	Numeral, masc.sing.
NFS	M.fs-	Numeral, femm.sing.
NMP	M.mp-	Numeral, masc.plur.
NFP	M.fp-	Numeral, femm.plur.
N	Mc---	Numeral cardinal

10.3. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
M.ms-	NMS	primo
M.fs-	NFS	prima
M.mp-	NMP	primi
M.fp-	NFP	prime
Mc---	N	zero, cento

Compare with :

11. Italian Interjections (I)

11.1. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
I	I	Interjection

11.2.Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
I	I	oh

Compare with :

12. Italian Unique membership class (U)

None.

Compare with :

13. Italian Residual (X)

13.1. Corpus

Tag	Regular expression	Definition
NY	???	"Guessed" Noun
AY	???	"Guessed" Adjective

13.2. Combinations

Lexicon	Corpus	Example
???	NY	bit
???	AY	computerizzato

13.3. Observations

At corpus level, we have the tag SY which is used to mark symbols, letters, acronyms, foreign words, toponyms etc., in general unknown words, for which a "guess" is provided.

Compare with :

14. Italian Punctuation

Tag	Example
punct	.,;:?! etc.

Compare with :

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Lexical specifications : application to Italian

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